Akkadian verb form with verb pattern with English with pattern and English

G Gt Gtn D Dt Dtt Dtn Š Št1 Št2 Štn N Nt Ntn ŠD R Rtn DRt DRt x Search options and verb analyser (check new options!)

enter infinitive (e.g. amaarum or amārum) or just the radicals (e.g. 'mr).
h=ḫ; c=š; s,=ṣ; t,=ṭ; x=(any);
aa=ā; aaa=â; ee=ē; eee=ê; ii=ī; iii=î; uu=ū; uuu=û;
to search logograms, use ':', e.g., :MU4;
to search English, use '"', e.g., "to know"
to search all verbs with a DRt stem: "DRt"
Babylonian Verb Analyser (under construction):
 Finite verb form can be entered in the search field in "( )" brackets, e.g., (u2-ša-aš2-ši).
 If more tolerance in spelling should be allowed (e.g. with suffixes), add *, e.g., (ip-ru-uš)*.
 This feature still has problems with some irregular and late forms, and it does not understand imperatives and statives.
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subjunctive

ventive

 

to him to her to thee (m) to thee (f) to me to them (m) to them (f) to you (m) to you (f) to us  IO  

him her thee (m) thee (f) me them (m) them (f) you (m) you (f) us  DO

-ma

Middle Babylonian 

  

Neo-/Late Babylonian 

 

št→lt etc./mt→nd etc. 

dissimilate bb/dd/gg/zz 

Old Assyrian 

  

Neo-Assyrian 

 

lt→ss/Ass. assimil. 

omit final short vowel 

 

add interrog. inton. 

add coord. inton. 

pre-tonic epenthetic vowels 

stative active

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About this project

The Babylonian Verb Conjugator and Analyser (BVC, BVA) provides information the conjugation, construction and meaning of ideally all Akkadian verbs based on the following dictionaries:

• J. Black, A. George, N. Postgate, A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian (2000) (abbreviated as CDA).
• W. von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch, 3 volumes, 1965-1981 (abbreviated as AHW).
• The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 26 volumes, 1956-2010 (abbreviated as CAD).

• W. von Soden, Grundriss der Akkadischen Grammatik, 1995 (abbreviated as GAG).
• J. Huehnergard, A Grammar of Akkadian, 2000/2011.
• N.J.C. Kouwenberg, The Akkadian Verb and its Semitic Background, 2010 (abbreviated as AV).
• J. Aro, Studien zur mittelbabylonischen Grammatik, 1955 (abbreviated as Aro).
• N.J.C. Kouwenberg, A Grammar of Old Assyrian, 2017 (abbreviated as GOA).
• J. Hämeen-Anttila, A Sketch of Neo-Assyrian Grammar (SAAS XIII), 2000 (abbreviated as HäA).
• N. R. Woodington, A Grammar of the Neo-Babylonian Letters of the Kuyunjik Collection, PhD diss., Yale University, 1982 (Wo).
• Ch. W. Hess, "(Early) Neo-Babylonian", in: J.-P. Vita, History of the Akkadian Language (HdO 1), 2021, pp. 1396-1430.
• J. Hackl, "Late Babylonian", in: J.-P. Vita, History of the Akkadian Language (HdO 1), 2021, pp. 1431-1458.
• B.R.M. Groneberg, Syntax, Morphologie und Stil der jungbabylonischen "hymnischen" Literatur, Teil 1, Grammatik, 1987.

• BVC offers a very fast lookup of verbs, their meaning, construction, and conjugation. You can
  • search infinitives or just the radicals; the tool then shows all verbs with the same three (or four) radicals. Use "x" as a wild card if, e.g., you do not know if the first radical is an n or ' or w.
  • search logograms by entering, e.g., :MU4 ; use the colon : to indicate that you are searching a logogram.
  • search English meanings, e.g. "to love" or just "love" ; use the " to indicate that you are searching an English meaning. In the same way you can search for all verbs that have a DRt stem; just enter "DRt:". (Do not forget the ".)
  • verb analyser (under construction): search finite verb forms in ( ) brackets, e.g. (u2-ša-aš2-ši). This feature still has some errors. It does not understand some Assyrian and late forms, nor does it currently understand imperatives and statives.
• It allows you to avoid tedious search of paradigms and conjugation tables in a printed work.
• You can easily experiment with suffixes, accusative, dative, ventive, subjunctive. Printed works do not offer that.
• To help you find a verb in a dictionary, BVC provides page numbers for CAD, AHW, and CDA.
• BVC also refers to page numbers in von Soden's, Huehnergard's and Kouwenberg's works where information on the selected verb or its paradigm is given.

BVC should not be considered a dictionary of verbs. If you want to determine the exact meaning of a verb, please look it up in the dictionaries mentioned above.

BVC supports tables for the Old Babylonian and a few more dialects of the Akkadian language. However, the verb forms are generated mechanically. The software does not know whether or not some particular verb form is attested. It only knows which stems are attested for a particular verb. In addition it knows, e.g., that a Gtn t-perfect for II inf. ā verbs is not attested.

Also note that the software currently does not provide complete information on the periods in which a verb was used. Verb tables are generated automatically for all verbs and all periods based on the type of verb and the selected dialect.

Donations

Donations are greatly appreciated for this leasure time project. Please send money to our PayPal account at sumerian.verb@gmail.com.

Further plans

BVC will be further improved:

• More dialects should be added.
• Analysis of Assyrian and late forms should be improved in BVA.
• BVA should be taught imperatives, statives, and participles.
• The tool should be edited by a native English speaker.
• The dictionary of BVC should be improved.

Release history

Version of 1 June 2024 (only major changes indicated)

- For all verbs, periods of attestation have been added.

Version of 19 May 2024 (only major changes indicated)

- Neo-/Late Babylonian option added.

Version of 23 April 2024 (only major changes indicated)

- Stative + ventive/pronominal suffixes corrected according to Kouwenberg (2010) p. 163.

Version of 21 April 2024 (only major changes indicated)

- With dialects other than OB, title tags of verb forms that are different from OB forms contain info about their formation. (Move mouse over verb forms.)

Version of 16 April 2024 (only major changes indicated)

- Verb analyser improved for dialects, especially NA. (still incomplete) - Programme option "pre-tonic epenthetic vowels". - Minor bug fixes with NA dialect.

Version of 6 April 2024 (only major changes indicated)

- Neo-Assyrian option was added. To be tested. (Verb analyser still incomplete.)
- Minor bug fixes with other dialects.

Version of 15 March 2024

- Verb analyser improved for OA and MB dialects.

Version of 13 March 2024

- Middle/Standard Babylonian option was added. (incomplete)

Version of 22/23 February 2024

- Verb form generator was partly refactorised, some errors thereby fixed.
- Old Assyrian personal suffixes (dat., akk.) improved.

Version of 16 February 2024

- N stems of type naparrurum and našallulum improved (Kouwenberg AV 301-305).
- N stems with vowel u (Kouwenberg AV 288-294).
- mēlulum improved (Kouwenberg AV 305-307).
- ne’ellû improved (Kouwenberg AV 313).
- imperative Ntn, vowels corrected.
- some I w verbs now also have pret. ušū-.
- I n verbs N have both assimilated and non-assimilated forms.
- II ' (ī) Gtn according to Kouwenberg AV 480ff. (different from Huehnergard)
- II ' D: type ukīal according to Kouwenberg AV 485.

Version of 11 February 2024

- Non-finite forms are now shown.
- Old Assyrian option was added.
- Bug fixes, mostly importantly:
 - Gt 1'+3', 1n+3' (imperatives).
 - Gtn 2' ā.

Version of 23 July 2023

- Reflexive forms with ramānu are now treated more correctly.
- BVA: some redundant results were removed.

Version of 10 May 2023

- BVA (verb analyser) improved: less results, unless * is added, e.g. "(ip-ru-uš)*".
- Verb nadānum improved (BVA works better for Assyrian and late forms).

Version of 23 February 2023

- BVC error with dative suffixes of 1st person.
- minor improvements.

Version of 10 July 2022

- BVA (analyser) has been considerably improved since May.
- errors have been fixed
- more Assyrian and late forms are understood
- multiple interpretations of final -u, -a, -i are supported (e.g. -u as plural or subjunctive or stem vowel)
- About 270 very rare verbs with attested finite forms have been added.

Version of 8 May 2022

BVA (analyser) improved:
- verbs izuzzum, zâzum, ezēzum
- D and Š of other verbs improved

Version of 23 April 2022

BVA improved (e.g., difficult verbs edûm/išûm) and some errors fixed.

Version of 13 April 2022

BVA understands Assyrian vowel harmony in most cases

Version of 10 April 2022

Babylonian Verb Analyser (BVA, under construction) was released:
Finite verb forms can be added in ( ) brackets in the search field.
Currently, it does not work for imperatives and statives yet.

Version of 6 March 2022

- epēšum, alternatively u/u, also in N (Huehnergard p. 376)

Version of 1/3 March 2022

Bug fixes:
- N stem pres. of izuzzum corrected (pret. and perf. are speculative)
- Errors in page numbers for CAD were corrected

Version of 19 February 2022

- Bug fix: tables of wârum improved, however, some forms are still problematic.

Version of 16 February 2022

- Bug fix: Š stem I-weak corrected.

Version of 29 October 2021

- Bug fix: Dative suffix now possible without ventive.

Version of 20 October 2021

- Some errors in verb data corrected.

Version of 14 October 2021

- Verbs (CDA) complete, except some for which only statives or infinitives are attested.
- Search function further improved. Radicals can be entered instead of infinitive. Wildcard "x" can be used.
- For each verb, the paradigm in Huehnergard is indicated, if existing, with page number in the 2nd and 3rd editions (2005 and 2011).
- Some errors in verb data (babverbdata.js) corrected.

Version of 7 October 2021 (2)

- Some verbs now have active stative automatically.
English translations of stative forms usually do not express the stative character well. However, activity and passivity should be handled correctly.

Version of 1 October 2021

- Search function further improved: radicals can be entered in search field.

Version of 26 September 2021

- Ntn stem of verbs primae n now without assimilation of n (Huehnergard p. 450).

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